{"title":"Dermal and follicular models","description":"\u003cp\u003eResearch compounds associated with dermal cell models, hair follicle biology, copper signalling, collagen and the extracellular matrix.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"ghk-cu","title":"Research Compound GHK-Cu","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound GHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available in 50 mg and 100 mg variants.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is GHK-Cu?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHK-Cu is a complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (Gly-His-Lys) with copper(II) ions. The tripeptide itself has a molecular weight of approximately 340 Da and binds copper(II) with very high affinity via the histidine imidazole, the glycine amino group and the peptide bond. The complex has a characteristic blue colour derived from the bound copper.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHK was isolated from human plasma by Loren Pickart in 1973, where it is present at low concentrations. It has since been studied in cell biology, particularly in fibroblast and extracellular matrix models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn cellular models GHK-Cu is associated with stimulation of collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in fibroblasts and with regulation of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, suggesting a role in extracellular matrix remodelling. Gene expression analyses (Connectivity Map) suggest that GHK influences the expression of a large number of genes, but these bioinformatic analyses are not evidence of a clinical effect.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003efibroblasts and collagen synthesis\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eextracellular matrix remodelling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emetalloproteinases and their inhibitors\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eanimal tissue models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edermal and follicular cell models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecopper binding and transport\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Most data come from cellular and animal models; recent reviews note that quality clinical data are insufficient.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated research materials\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA related copper-peptide complex is \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ahk-cu\"\u003eAHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e, which has a different sequence and a separate literature. GHK-Cu is also a component of \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"50 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971454873940,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-50MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971454906708,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-50MG-PEN","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56972272337236,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-100MG-AMP","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272370004,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-100MG-PEN","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-ghk-cu-50mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"snap-8","title":"Research Compound SNAP-8","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound SNAP-8\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is SNAP-8?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSNAP-8 (acetyl octapeptide-3) is a synthetic octapeptide with the sequence Ac-Glu-Glu-Met-Gln-Arg-Arg-Ala-Asp-NH2 and a molecular weight of approximately 1075 Da. Structurally it extends the hexapeptide known as acetyl hexapeptide-8 by two additional amino acids.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sequence was designed after the N-terminal region of SNAP-25, one of the components of the SNARE complex. Most published data originate from formulation and industry literature rather than independent peer-reviewed research.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe SNARE complex (SNAP-25, syntaxin and synaptobrevin) mediates vesicle fusion with the membrane and neurotransmitter release. The proposed concept is that a peptide mimicking part of SNAP-25 competitively interferes with complex assembly. This is mechanistically different from botulinum toxin, which enzymatically cleaves SNARE proteins, so comparisons by name do not imply the same mechanism or potency.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eSNARE complex assembly\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeptide–protein interactions\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eexocytosis in cellular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeptide stability in formulations\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimited.\u003c\/strong\u003e In vitro and formulation data predominate; independent quality studies are scarce.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971454775636,"sku":"PEP-SNAP8-10MG-AMP","price":29.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971454808404,"sku":"PEP-SNAP8-10MG-PEN","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-snap-8-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606049"},{"product_id":"melanotan-2","title":"Research Compound Melanotan II","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Melanotan 2\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is Melanotan 2?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMelanotan 2 (MT-II) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) with the sequence Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 and a molecular weight of approximately 1024 Da. Cyclisation and the substitution of L-phenylalanine with its D-form increase stability relative to native α-MSH.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe molecule was developed at the University of Arizona in the 1980s and 1990s as part of research into melanocortin analogues. The same research line later produced \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bremelanotid-pt-141\"\u003ebremelanotide (PT-141)\u003c\/a\u003e, which is structurally related but not the same molecule.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMT-II is a non-selective agonist of several melanocortin receptors (MC1R, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R). In experimental models it is therefore associated simultaneously with melanogenesis (MC1R), central neuroendocrine signalling (MC3R\/MC4R) and other pathways. This lack of selectivity makes it a useful tool for comparison with more selective ligands.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emelanocortin receptor pharmacology\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ereceptor selectivity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emelanogenesis in cellular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecentral melanocortin signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreclinical and limited experimental human literature.\u003c\/strong\u003e The molecule is not an approved medicine, and its safety profile has not been adequately established.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971454579028,"sku":"PEP-MELANOTAN2-10MG-AMP","price":29.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971454611796,"sku":"PEP-MELANOTAN2-10MG-PEN","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-melanotan-2-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606018"},{"product_id":"glutathione","title":"Research Compound Glutathione","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Glutathione\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is glutathione?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlutathione (GSH) is the naturally occurring tripeptide γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, with a molecular weight of approximately 307 Da. It is unusual in that glutamate is linked via its gamma-carboxyl group rather than a conventional peptide bond, which protects it from most peptidases.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrederick Gowland Hopkins described glutathione in 1921 and gave it its name. It is now known as the most abundant low-molecular-weight thiol in mammalian cells, with intracellular concentrations in the millimolar range.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSynthesis proceeds in two steps, via glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase. The cysteine thiol group allows interconversion between the reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) forms. Glutathione participates in glutathione peroxidase activity, conjugation of electrophilic compounds via glutathione S-transferases, and reversible S-glutathionylation of proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eGSH\/GSSG redox balance\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative stress in cellular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eglutathione peroxidases and S-transferases\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprotein S-glutathionylation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe biochemical role is very well established.\u003c\/strong\u003e Outcomes depend on formulation, model and research question.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"1500 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452088660,"sku":"PEP-GLUTATHIONE-1500MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-glutathione-1500mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605988"},{"product_id":"glow","title":"Research Compound GLOW","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound GLOW\u003c\/strong\u003e is a combined research preparation for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 70 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComposition\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGLOW combines three research materials: \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghk-cu\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e. The ratio of components is stated in the product specification. The total of 70 mg refers to the sum of all components, not the amount of any single molecule.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRationale for the combination\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach component covers a different area of cell biology. GHK-Cu is studied in fibroblast and extracellular matrix models, BPC-157 in models of angiogenesis and vascular signalling, and thymosin beta-4 in models of actin dynamics and cell migration. The combination allows these processes to be studied in the same experimental system.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eextracellular matrix and fibroblasts\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eangiogenesis and vascular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecell migration\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estability and interactions of components in a mixture\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical considerations\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith a three-component mixture, the identity and amount of each molecule must be verified separately. In addition, the copper ion from GHK-Cu may affect the stability of other peptides in solution, another reason for careful interpretation of analytical data.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvidence relates to the individual components.\u003c\/strong\u003e Synergy of the finished combination has not been confirmed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKLOW additionally contains KPV: see \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"70 mg \/ Vial","offer_id":56972272992596,"sku":"PEP-GLOW-70MG-AMP","price":114.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"70 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972273025364,"sku":"PEP-GLOW-70MG-PEN","price":127.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/31BA46DC-C1FC-43C1-AEBF-39AE6A336952.png?v=1788126769"},{"product_id":"klow","title":"Research Compound KLOW","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound KLOW\u003c\/strong\u003e is a combined research preparation for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 80 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComposition\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKLOW combines four research materials: \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghk-cu\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/kpv\"\u003eKPV\u003c\/a\u003e. The ratio of components is stated in the product specification. The total of 80 mg refers to the sum of all components.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHow it differs from GLOW\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKLOW contains the same three components as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e, plus KPV, a tripeptide fragment of alpha-MSH studied in models of inflammatory signalling and intestinal epithelium. In addition to extracellular matrix, angiogenesis and cell migration, the combination therefore also covers NF-κB signalling.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eextracellular matrix\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003evascular and actin biology\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einflammatory signalling (NF-κB)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estability of multi-peptide mixtures\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical considerations\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith four components, analytical verification is more complex than for any single material: confirming one component does not confirm the others, and interactions in solution may affect stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvidence relates to the individual components.\u003c\/strong\u003e Synergy of the finished combination has not been confirmed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"80 mg \/ Bottle","offer_id":56972273058132,"sku":"PEP-KLOW-80MG-AMP","price":140.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"80 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972273090900,"sku":"PEP-KLOW-80MG-PEN","price":153.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/7312A97C-F54A-4C00-9ACA-E773B24D1F64.png?v=1788126933"},{"product_id":"ahk-cu","title":"Research Compound AHK-Cu","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound AHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is AHK-Cu?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAHK-Cu is a complex of the tripeptide alanyl-histidyl-lysine (Ala-His-Lys) with copper(II) ions. It differs from the related \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghk-cu\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e only in its first amino acid: alanine instead of glycine. This small change is enough for the two compounds to have separate literatures, and they should not be treated as equivalent.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAHK-Cu originates from research on copper-peptide complexes that began with the discovery of GHK in human plasma. The most cited paper on AHK-Cu, published in 2007, tested it on isolated hair follicles ex vivo and on dermal papilla cell cultures.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn these models AHK-Cu is associated with increased proliferation of dermal papilla cells and reduced apoptosis, with changes in the Bcl-2\/Bax protein ratio. Dermal papillae are specialised cells at the base of the follicle that regulate its cycle, making them a common model in follicle biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003edermal papilla cells\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ehair follicle biology in models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecopper signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eapoptosis and Bcl-2\/Bax\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly in vitro and ex vivo.\u003c\/strong\u003e The literature is narrower than for GHK-Cu, and human data are limited.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"100 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57202150900052,"sku":"PEP-AHKCU-100MG-AMP","price":93.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57202150932820,"sku":"PEP-AHKCU-100MG-PEN","price":106.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/IMG-1434.png?v=1789745472"}],"url":"https:\/\/peptiva.com.hr\/en\/collections\/dermalni-i-folikularni-modeli.oembed","provider":"Peptiva peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}