{"title":"Gastrointestinal models","description":"\u003cp\u003eResearch materials associated with gastrointestinal models, the epithelial barrier and intestinal cell signalling.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"kpv","title":"Research Compound KPV","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound KPV\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is KPV?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKPV is the tripeptide lysine-proline-valine (Lys-Pro-Val), with a molecular weight of approximately 342 Da. It corresponds to the C-terminal portion (positions 11–13) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a 13-amino-acid peptide of the melanocortin family.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies of α-MSH showed that part of the hormone's anti-inflammatory activity in experimental models is retained in this short C-terminal fragment. This prompted separate study of KPV as a minimal active sequence, independent of the pigmentation-related effects of full-length α-MSH.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn cellular models KPV is associated with inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signalling and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Work on intestinal epithelium describes cellular uptake of KPV via the PepT1 transporter, studied in animal models of intestinal inflammation. The precise receptor mechanism has not been fully elucidated.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eNF-κB and MAPK signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecytokine response\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eintestinal epithelium and the PepT1 transporter\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eepithelial barrier\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003egastrointestinal animal models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Data come from cellular and animal models; there is no evidence of clinical efficacy in humans.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated research materials\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKPV is a component of the combined preparation \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971456577876,"sku":"PEP-KPV-10MG-AMP","price":46.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971456610644,"sku":"PEP-KPV-10MG-PEN","price":59.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-kpv-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606019"},{"product_id":"bpc-157","title":"Research Compound BPC-157","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound BPC-157\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available as a lyophilised vial or a research dispenser.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is BPC-157?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide of 15 amino acids with the sequence Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val and a molecular weight of approximately 1419 Da. It is derived from a partial sequence of a protein isolated from human gastric juice. Unlike most peptides, it is described in the literature as relatively stable in acidic media, one reason it is frequently studied in gastrointestinal models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost published work on BPC-157 comes from the research group of Prof. Predrag Sikirić at the University of Zagreb School of Medicine, which has studied it since the early 1990s. The literature is therefore extensive in number of papers, but relatively few independent replications come from other laboratories — an important consideration when interpreting it.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe precise mechanism has not been established. Cellular and animal models suggest interactions with the nitric oxide (NO) system, VEGFR2 signalling and angiogenesis, and the FAK–paxillin pathway involved in fibroblast migration. Work on tendon fibroblasts also describes changes in growth hormone receptor expression. These findings describe research hypotheses, not confirmed effects in humans.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003etendon, ligament and skeletal muscle models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eangiogenesis and microcirculation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003egastrointestinal mucosal integrity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efibroblast migration and adhesion\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einflammatory mediators and oxidative stress\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e A 2025 systematic review found almost exclusively cellular and animal studies. Human data are limited to a small number of small pilot studies, and quality clinical safety data do not exist.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated research materials\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 is frequently discussed alongside thymosin beta-4 (\u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e). It is also available as the ready-made combination \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157-tb-500-mix\"\u003eBPC-157 \/ TB-500 Mix\u003c\/a\u003e and as a component of \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e. Evidence for the single molecule does not confirm the properties of combinations.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455627604,"sku":"PEP-BPC157-5MG-AMP","price":29.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455660372,"sku":"PEP-BPC157-5MG-PEN","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455693140,"sku":"PEP-BPC157-10MG-AMP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455725908,"sku":"PEP-BPC157-10MG-PEN","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-bpc-157-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"bpc-157-tb-500-mix","title":"Research Compound BPC-157 \/ TB-500 Mix","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound BPC-157 \/ TB-500 Mix\u003c\/strong\u003e is a ready-made combination of two research materials for analytical and in vitro work, available as 5+5 mg and 10+10 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComposition\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe blend contains \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/a\u003e, a synthetic 15-amino-acid pentadecapeptide, and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e, a material related to thymosin beta-4. The stated amount refers to each component separately (for example 5 mg BPC-157 and 5 mg TB-500), not to the total mass.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhy these two molecules are studied together\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe two components cover different but complementary mechanisms. In the preclinical literature BPC-157 is associated with angiogenesis, the nitric oxide system and FAK–paxillin signalling in fibroblasts, while thymosin beta-4 is known for G-actin binding and its role in cell motility. The combination allows single and combined responses to be compared in the same experimental model.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003etissue and vascular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efibroblast and endothelial cell migration\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eactin dynamics\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparison of single and combined responses\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical considerations for blends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor a combined material, the identity and amount of each component must be verified separately. A purity result for the blend as a whole does not show how much of each molecule is actually present, nor does it confirm the stability of the components in a shared formulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvidence relates to the individual components\u003c\/strong\u003e and is predominantly preclinical. Synergy of the finished combination has not been confirmed by quality studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBroader combinations including GHK-Cu are available as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg + 5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455103316,"sku":"PEP-BPC157TB500MIX-5MGPLUS5MG-AMP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg + 5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455136084,"sku":"PEP-BPC157TB500MIX-5MGPLUS5MG-PEN","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg + 10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455168852,"sku":"PEP-BPC157TB500MIX-10MGPLUS10MG-AMP","price":97.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg + 10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455201620,"sku":"PEP-BPC157TB500MIX-10MGPLUS10MG-PEN","price":110.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-bpc-157-tb-500-mix-5mg-plus-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"glow","title":"Research Compound GLOW","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound GLOW\u003c\/strong\u003e is a combined research preparation for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 70 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComposition\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGLOW combines three research materials: \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghk-cu\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e. The ratio of components is stated in the product specification. The total of 70 mg refers to the sum of all components, not the amount of any single molecule.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRationale for the combination\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach component covers a different area of cell biology. GHK-Cu is studied in fibroblast and extracellular matrix models, BPC-157 in models of angiogenesis and vascular signalling, and thymosin beta-4 in models of actin dynamics and cell migration. The combination allows these processes to be studied in the same experimental system.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eextracellular matrix and fibroblasts\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eangiogenesis and vascular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecell migration\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estability and interactions of components in a mixture\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical considerations\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith a three-component mixture, the identity and amount of each molecule must be verified separately. In addition, the copper ion from GHK-Cu may affect the stability of other peptides in solution, another reason for careful interpretation of analytical data.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvidence relates to the individual components.\u003c\/strong\u003e Synergy of the finished combination has not been confirmed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKLOW additionally contains KPV: see \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"70 mg \/ Vial","offer_id":56972272992596,"sku":"PEP-GLOW-70MG-AMP","price":114.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"70 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972273025364,"sku":"PEP-GLOW-70MG-PEN","price":127.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/31BA46DC-C1FC-43C1-AEBF-39AE6A336952.png?v=1788126769"},{"product_id":"klow","title":"Research Compound KLOW","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound KLOW\u003c\/strong\u003e is a combined research preparation for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 80 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComposition\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKLOW combines four research materials: \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghk-cu\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/kpv\"\u003eKPV\u003c\/a\u003e. The ratio of components is stated in the product specification. The total of 80 mg refers to the sum of all components.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHow it differs from GLOW\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKLOW contains the same three components as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e, plus KPV, a tripeptide fragment of alpha-MSH studied in models of inflammatory signalling and intestinal epithelium. In addition to extracellular matrix, angiogenesis and cell migration, the combination therefore also covers NF-κB signalling.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eextracellular matrix\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003evascular and actin biology\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einflammatory signalling (NF-κB)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estability of multi-peptide mixtures\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical considerations\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith four components, analytical verification is more complex than for any single material: confirming one component does not confirm the others, and interactions in solution may affect stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvidence relates to the individual components.\u003c\/strong\u003e Synergy of the finished combination has not been confirmed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"80 mg \/ Bottle","offer_id":56972273058132,"sku":"PEP-KLOW-80MG-AMP","price":140.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"80 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972273090900,"sku":"PEP-KLOW-80MG-PEN","price":153.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/7312A97C-F54A-4C00-9ACA-E773B24D1F64.png?v=1788126933"}],"url":"https:\/\/peptiva.com.hr\/en\/collections\/gastrointestinalni-modeli.oembed","provider":"Peptiva peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}