{"title":"GH\/IGF signalling","description":"\u003cp\u003eResearch materials associated with the growth hormone\/IGF-1 axis, GHRH and GHS-R receptors, and cell growth signalling.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"ghrp-2","title":"Research Compound GHRP-2","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound GHRP-2\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is GHRP-2?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHRP-2 (also known as pralmorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide with the sequence D-Ala-D-2Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 and a molecular weight of approximately 818 Da. It contains several D-amino acids and the non-natural amino acid naphthylalanine, which increase resistance to enzymatic degradation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHRP-2 was developed as a successor to the earlier \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghrp-6\"\u003eGHRP-6\u003c\/a\u003e in research on synthetic growth hormone secretagogues. In Japan it has been used as a diagnostic pharmacological tool for assessing pituitary function.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHRP-2 is an agonist of the GHS-R1a receptor, the same receptor targeted by endogenous ghrelin. Activation on pituitary somatotrophs stimulates GH release independently of the GHRH receptor. Pharmacological studies also describe effects on ACTH, cortisol and prolactin, distinguishing it from more selective compounds such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ipamorelin\"\u003eipamorelin\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eGHS-R1a \/ the ghrelin receptor\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epituitary GH signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esecretagogue selectivity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eendocrine pharmacology\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOlder human pharmacological data exist\u003c\/strong\u003e from endocrine research. They do not confirm the safety or properties of this research material.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSee the \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/gh-igf-signalizacija\"\u003eGH\/IGF signalling\u003c\/a\u003e collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453759828,"sku":"PEP-GHRP2-5MG-AMP","price":29.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453792596,"sku":"PEP-GHRP2-5MG-PEN","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-ghrp-2-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"ghrp-6","title":"Research Compound GHRP-6","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound GHRP-6\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is GHRP-6?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide with the sequence His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 and a molecular weight of approximately 873 Da.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHRP-6 was developed in the early 1980s by Cyril Bowers at Tulane University, starting from modified enkephalin sequences. Its ability to stimulate GH release via an unknown receptor led to the cloning of the GHS receptor in 1996 and, in 1999, to the discovery of ghrelin as its endogenous ligand. GHRP-6 is therefore a historically pivotal compound for the entire field.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHRP-6 is an agonist of the GHS-R1a receptor. Beyond pituitary GH signalling, in experimental models it is associated with hypothalamic pathways regulating energy intake, reflecting the physiological role of the ghrelin system.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eGHS-R1a \/ the ghrelin receptor\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epituitary GH secretion\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ehypothalamic energy-intake signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe history of the ghrelin system's discovery\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman pharmacological data exist\u003c\/strong\u003e from endocrine research. They do not confirm the safety or properties of this research material.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelated materials include \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghrp-2\"\u003eGHRP-2\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ipamorelin\"\u003eIpamorelin\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453694292,"sku":"PEP-GHRP6-5MG-AMP","price":29.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453727060,"sku":"PEP-GHRP6-5MG-PEN","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-ghrp-6-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605988"},{"product_id":"ipamorelin","title":"Research Compound Ipamorelin","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Ipamorelin\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is ipamorelin?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIpamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide with the sequence Aib-His-D-2Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 and a molecular weight of approximately 712 Da. It contains non-standard amino acids (aminoisobutyric acid and naphthylalanine) that increase stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIpamorelin was developed at Novo Nordisk in the late 1990s, and its pharmacological profile was published in 1998. The aim was a growth hormone secretagogue more selective than earlier compounds such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghrp-6\"\u003eGHRP-6\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghrp-2\"\u003eGHRP-2\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIpamorelin is a GHS-R1a agonist. In the original animal studies it stimulated GH release without a significant rise in ACTH and cortisol, which distinguished it as a selective secretagogue. It acts at a different receptor from GHRH analogues such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/cjc-1295-no-dac\"\u003eCJC-1295 No DAC\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/sermorelin\"\u003esermorelin\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eGHS-R1a signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esecretagogue selectivity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epituitary GH secretion\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparison with GHRH analogues\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly pharmacological and preclinical literature\u003c\/strong\u003e, with limited clinical data. The molecule is not an approved medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453628756,"sku":"PEP-IPAMORELIN-5MG-AMP","price":34.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453661524,"sku":"PEP-IPAMORELIN-5MG-PEN","price":46.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-ipamorelin-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605989"},{"product_id":"igf-1-lr3","title":"Research Compound IGF-1 LR3","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound IGF-1 LR3\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is IGF-1 LR3?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) is a recombinant analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1. It consists of 83 amino acids: the full 70-amino-acid IGF-1 sequence in which glutamic acid at position 3 is replaced by arginine (hence “R3”), plus a 13-amino-acid N-terminal extension (hence “Long”). The molecular weight is approximately 9.1 kDa.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analogue was developed in Australia in the 1990s. Because of its stability and high activity in cell culture, it is widely used as a supplement in cell culture media in research and bioprocessing laboratories, giving it a clear in vitro context.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe modifications substantially reduce binding to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which otherwise limit IGF-1 availability. As a result it is more active than native IGF-1 at the same concentration in cellular systems. It activates the IGF-1 receptor and the downstream PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR and Ras\/MAPK pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe IGF-1 receptor\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ePI3K\/AKT and MAPK signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecell proliferation in culture\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einteraction with IGFBPs\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly experimental and bioprocessing literature.\u003c\/strong\u003e Clinical data for native IGF-1 are not evidence for IGF-1 LR3.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"1 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453268308,"sku":"PEP-IGF1LR3-1MG-AMP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453301076,"sku":"PEP-IGF1LR3-1MG-PEN","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-igf-1-lr3-1mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605988"},{"product_id":"peg-mgf","title":"Research Compound PEG-MGF","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound PEG-MGF\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is PEG-MGF?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMGF (mechano growth factor) is the name given to a splice variant of the IGF-1 gene known in humans as IGF-1Ec. Commercial material labelled MGF is usually a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal E-domain of this variant, and PEG-MGF is its form with attached polyethylene glycol (PEG).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe variant was described in 1996 by Geoffrey Goldspink's group at University College London in studies of muscle tissue subjected to mechanical load, which gave it its name. Later literature on the biological role of the E-peptide itself is partly contradictory.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEGylation increases molecular size and slows degradation and elimination, substantially altering physical and pharmacokinetic properties. Data on endogenous MGF, IGF-1 or non-PEGylated E-peptide therefore cannot automatically be transferred to PEG-MGF.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eIGF-1 gene splice variants\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eE-peptides and their biological role\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ePEGylation and peptide stability\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emuscle precursor cell models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimited and predominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e For the PEGylated form, quality peer-reviewed data are almost non-existent.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSee also \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/igf-1-lr3\"\u003eIGF-1 LR3\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"2 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453170004,"sku":"PEP-PEGMGF-2MG-AMP","price":29.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"2 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453202772,"sku":"PEP-PEGMGF-2MG-PEN","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-peg-mgf-2mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606019"},{"product_id":"mots-c","title":"Research Compound MOTS-c","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound MOTS-c\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available in 10 mg and 20 mg variants.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is MOTS-c?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) with a molecular weight of approximately 2.2 kDa. It is encoded within mitochondrial DNA, in the gene for 12S ribosomal RNA, which places it among the mitochondrial-derived peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOTS-c was described in 2015 by Pinchas Cohen's group at the University of Southern California. The discovery was surprising because the 12S rRNA region had long been considered purely structural rather than coding for its own peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the original work MOTS-c interfered with the folate cycle, leading to accumulation of the intermediate AICAR and activation of AMPK, the central sensor of cellular energy. Later work describes translocation of MOTS-c to the nucleus under metabolic stress and effects on gene expression, making it an example of mitochondria-to-nucleus communication.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial-derived peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAMPK signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe folate cycle and glucose metabolism\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondria–nucleus communication\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical\u003c\/strong\u003e, with limited human data.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA related peptide is \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/humanin\"\u003eHumanin\u003c\/a\u003e; see also \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ss-31\"\u003eSS-31\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452449108,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-10MG-AMP","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971452481876,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-10MG-PEN","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56972272173396,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-20MG-AMP","price":76.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272206164,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-20MG-PEN","price":89.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-mots-c-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606021"},{"product_id":"cjc-1295-no-dac","title":"Research Compound CJC-1295 No DAC","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound CJC-1295 No DAC\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is CJC-1295 No DAC?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCJC-1295 No DAC, also known in the literature as Modified GRF (1-29), is a synthetic 29-amino-acid GHRH analogue. Compared with the \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/sermorelin\"\u003esermorelin\u003c\/a\u003e sequence it contains four amino-acid substitutions (at positions 2, 8, 15 and 27), and its molecular weight is approximately 3.4 kDa.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe CJC-1295 designation comes from the Canadian company ConjuChem, which developed a version with a Drug Affinity Complex (DAC) modification for albumin binding and extended duration. The form without DAC retains only the four stabilising substitutions, so its pharmacokinetics differ substantially from the DAC version.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe substitutions increase resistance to the enzyme DPP-4 and reduce susceptibility to oxidation and deamidation compared with native GHRH(1-29). The molecule activates the GHRH receptor on pituitary somatotrophs, distinguishing it from secretagogues such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ipamorelin\"\u003eipamorelin\u003c\/a\u003e, which act at the ghrelin receptor.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe GHRH receptor\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeptide stabilisation by amino-acid substitution\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epharmacokinetics of GHRH analogues\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epituitary GH signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimited.\u003c\/strong\u003e Clinical data have been published for the DAC version and must not automatically be attributed to the form without DAC.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Vial","offer_id":56972272599380,"sku":"PEP-CJC1295NODAC-5MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272632148,"sku":"PEP-CJC1295NODAC-5MG-PEN","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/89DB4D12-9F69-4E74-80A4-08BD654B896E.png?v=1788125694"},{"product_id":"l-carnitine","title":"Research Compound L-Carnitine","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound L-Carnitine\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 1200 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is L-carnitine?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-trimethylaminobutyrate) is a naturally occurring quaternary ammonium compound, not a peptide, with a molecular weight of approximately 161 Da. It is synthesised in the body from the amino acids lysine and methionine, mainly in the liver and kidneys.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarnitine was isolated from muscle extracts in 1905, which gave it its name (Latin \u003cem\u003ecarnis\u003c\/em\u003e, flesh). Its key role in transporting fatty acids into mitochondria was clarified only in the 1950s, making it one of the foundations of our understanding of cellular energy metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong-chain fatty acids cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane on their own. The carnitine shuttle solves this in three steps: the enzyme CPT1 attaches the fatty acid to carnitine, the translocase CACT carries acylcarnitine across the membrane, and CPT2 converts it back to acyl-CoA for beta-oxidation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe carnitine shuttle (CPT1, CACT, CPT2)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial beta-oxidation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eacylcarnitine profiles\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecellular energy homeostasis\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe biochemical role is very well established.\u003c\/strong\u003e The effects of additional carnitine depend on the model and research question and cannot be generalised.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"1200 mg \/ Bottle","offer_id":56972272697684,"sku":"PEP-LCARNITINE-1200MG-AMP","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1200 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272730452,"sku":"PEP-LCARNITINE-1200MG-PEN","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/EB5D4842-74D6-47C0-AAD2-4F28594F8B30.png?v=1788125812"},{"product_id":"istrazivacki-spoj-hexarelin","title":"Istraživački spoj Hexarelin","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživački spoj Hexarelin\u003c\/strong\u003e laboratorijski je materijal specifikacije 5 mg za analitički i in vitro rad, dostupan kao liofilizirana bočica ili istraživački dozator.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eŠto je Hexarelin?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexarelin je sintetski heksapeptid iz skupine sekretagoga hormona rasta (GHRP).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMehanizam i istraživački kontekst\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eProučava se u vezi s receptorom GHS-R i regulacijom GH signalizacije. Eksperimentalna literatura uključuje akutne endokrinološke testove i usporedbe s GHRH signalnim putem; rezultati ovise o modelu i protokolu.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGlavna područja istraživanja\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGHS-R i ghrelin signalizacija\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eizlučivanje hormona rasta u eksperimentalnim modelima\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eodnos između GHS-R i GHRH signalnih putova\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRazina dokaza\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostoje endokrinološke studije u ljudi, ali one ne potvrđuju sigurnost ni učinkovitost ovog istraživačkog materijala za primjenu. Opis se odnosi na literaturu, ne na medicinsku namjenu.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePovezani sadržaji\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePročitajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/blogs\/novosti\/hexarelin-gh-sekretagogi-gh-igf-os\"\u003epovezani pregled istraživanja\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/gh-igf-signalizacija\"\u003eGH\/IGF signalizacija\u003c\/a\u003e. Za tumačenje dokumentacije serije pogledajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA vodič\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživačka namjena:\u003c\/strong\u003e isključivo za laboratorijsko, analitičko i in vitro istraživanje; nije namijenjeno primjeni na ljudima ili životinjama.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57370239861076,"sku":"PEP-HEXARELIN-5MG-AMP","price":34.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57370239893844,"sku":"PEP-HEXARELIN-5MG-PEN","price":46.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-hexarelin-5mg-vial.png?v=1790868783"},{"product_id":"gh-complex-36iu","title":"GH Complex 36 IU (For Lab Use Only)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGH Complex 36 IU\u003c\/strong\u003e is a recombinant protein research material intended for laboratory, analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe material is suitable for studying protein stability, receptor binding, downstream cellular signalling and the relationship between structure and biological activity in controlled laboratory models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ereceptor and intracellular signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprotein stability and correct folding\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eaggregation, deamidation and degradation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparative analysis of protein specimens\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor larger protein materials, chromatographic purity alone is not sufficient for complete characterisation. Additional structural and functional methods may be required depending on the research objective.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 36 IU\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391835709780,"sku":"PEP-GHC36-36IU-VIAL","price":76.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391835742548,"sku":"PEP-GHC36-36IU-DISP","price":89.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/gh-complex-36iu.png?v=1790965487"},{"product_id":"mito-peptide-ss31","title":"Mito-Peptide SS31 10 mg (Research Grade)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMito-Peptide SS31 10 mg\u003c\/strong\u003e is a short peptide research material intended for studies of mitochondrial membranes and cellular energetics in in vitro models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distinctive arrangement of aromatic and positively charged amino acids makes this specimen useful for analysing interactions with the inner mitochondrial membrane and membrane phospholipids.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial membrane structure and function\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003erespiratory chain organisation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative phosphorylation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative stress in experimental models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurements of mitochondrial function are sensitive to cell type, medium composition, exposure time and selected endpoints. Results should be interpreted within a clearly defined model.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 10 mg\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391849374036,"sku":"PEP-MPSS31-10MG-VIAL","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391849406804,"sku":"PEP-MPSS31-10MG-DISP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/mito-peptide-ss31-10mg.png?v=1790965501"},{"product_id":"grf-1-29-peptide-5mg","title":"GRF 1-29 Peptide 5 mg (Research Use)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGRF 1-29 Peptide 5 mg\u003c\/strong\u003e is a peptide research material composed of the functional N-terminal fragment of a natural signalling peptide.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe specimen is suitable for laboratory studies of sequence length and receptor activity, endocrine signalling and the enzymatic stability of short peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ereceptor activation and secondary messengers\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estructure-activity relationships\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eenzymatic peptide degradation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparison of natural fragments and more stable analogues\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eShort peptide fragments can be sensitive to rapid enzymatic degradation. Processing time, temperature and medium composition are important for reproducible results.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 5 mg\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391851241812,"sku":"PEP-GRF129-5MG-VIAL","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391851274580,"sku":"PEP-GRF129-5MG-DISP","price":63.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/grf-1-29-peptide-5mg.png?v=1790965530"},{"product_id":"th-peptide-10mg","title":"TH Peptide 10 mg (For Lab Use)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTH Peptide 10 mg\u003c\/strong\u003e is a modified peptide research material for analysis of endocrine receptor signalling and the stability of peptide analogues.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA terminal structural modification enables study of how chemical changes affect enzymatic degradation, duration of signalling response and structure-activity relationships.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eendocrine receptor signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eresistance to proteolytic degradation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estructure-function relationships\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparison of modified and unmodified peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparative studies require consistent preparation conditions, concentrations and exposure times. Functional data depend on the experimental system used.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 10 mg\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391853240660,"sku":"PEP-THP10-10MG-VIAL","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391853273428,"sku":"PEP-THP10-10MG-DISP","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/th-peptide-10mg.png?v=1790965524"}],"url":"https:\/\/peptiva.com.hr\/en\/collections\/gh-igf-signalizacija.oembed","provider":"Peptiva peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}