{"title":"Metabolic signalling","description":"\u003cp\u003eResearch compounds associated with incretin and metabolic signalling, GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors, and laboratory models of energy metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"hgh-fragment-176-191","title":"Research Compound HGH Fragment 176-191","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound HGH Fragment 176-191\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is HGH Fragment 176-191?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHGH Fragment 176-191 is a synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the C-terminal region of human growth hormone (residues 176–191), with a molecular weight of approximately 1.8 kDa. Unlike full-length growth hormone, which has 191 amino acids and two disulfide bridges, the fragment contains only a small part of the sequence.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch into C-terminal fragments of growth hormone was carried out in the 1990s at Monash University in Australia, with the aim of separating the metabolic effects of GH from its growth-promoting effects. The same line of research produced the modified analogue \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/aod-9604\"\u003eAOD-9604\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn adipocyte and animal models the fragment is associated with regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis. According to published work it does not bind significantly to the GH receptor and does not show a pronounced effect on IGF-1 levels in models, which distinguishes it from full-length \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/somatropin-hgh\"\u003esomatropin\u003c\/a\u003e. The precise receptor mechanism has not been elucidated.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003egrowth hormone fragments\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eadipocyte biology\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003elipolysis and lipogenesis in models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estructure–function relationships of GH\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Quality clinical data are not available.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSee the \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/gh-igf-signalizacija\"\u003eGH\/IGF signalling\u003c\/a\u003e collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453858132,"sku":"PEP-HGHFRAGMENT176191-5MG-AMP","price":59.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453890900,"sku":"PEP-HGHFRAGMENT176191-5MG-PEN","price":72.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-hgh-fragment-176-191-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605989"},{"product_id":"ipamorelin","title":"Research Compound Ipamorelin","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Ipamorelin\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is ipamorelin?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIpamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide with the sequence Aib-His-D-2Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 and a molecular weight of approximately 712 Da. It contains non-standard amino acids (aminoisobutyric acid and naphthylalanine) that increase stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIpamorelin was developed at Novo Nordisk in the late 1990s, and its pharmacological profile was published in 1998. The aim was a growth hormone secretagogue more selective than earlier compounds such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghrp-6\"\u003eGHRP-6\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghrp-2\"\u003eGHRP-2\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIpamorelin is a GHS-R1a agonist. In the original animal studies it stimulated GH release without a significant rise in ACTH and cortisol, which distinguished it as a selective secretagogue. It acts at a different receptor from GHRH analogues such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/cjc-1295-no-dac\"\u003eCJC-1295 No DAC\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/sermorelin\"\u003esermorelin\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eGHS-R1a signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esecretagogue selectivity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epituitary GH secretion\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparison with GHRH analogues\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly pharmacological and preclinical literature\u003c\/strong\u003e, with limited clinical data. The molecule is not an approved medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453628756,"sku":"PEP-IPAMORELIN-5MG-AMP","price":34.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453661524,"sku":"PEP-IPAMORELIN-5MG-PEN","price":46.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-ipamorelin-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605989"},{"product_id":"adipotide","title":"Research Compound Adipotide","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Adipotide\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is Adipotide?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdipotide (also known as FTPP, prohibitin-targeting peptide 1) is a synthetic peptidomimetic composed of two functional parts: a cyclic CKGGRAKDC motif that binds prohibitin on the endothelium of adipose tissue blood vessels, and the pro-apoptotic sequence D(KLAKLAK)2, which disrupts mitochondrial membranes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe molecule was developed by the group of Renata Pasqualini and Wadih Arap at MD Anderson Cancer Center, using phage display to identify peptides that selectively target the blood vessels of specific tissues. Results in mice were published in 2004 and in primates in 2011.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe concept is based on vascular targeting: rather than acting on adipose cells directly, the peptide binds to the endothelium that supplies them and induces apoptosis of those cells. The primate study also described effects on renal function, an important part of the molecule's safety profile.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003evascular targeting with peptides (phage display)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprohibitin as a vascular marker\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eapoptotic signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eadipose tissue vasculature\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExclusively preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Effects on the kidneys were also described in animal models. Quality human data are not available.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453071700,"sku":"PEP-ADIPOTIDE-5MG-AMP","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453104468,"sku":"PEP-ADIPOTIDE-5MG-PEN","price":63.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-adipotide-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605943"},{"product_id":"aod-9604","title":"Research Compound AOD-9604","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound AOD-9604\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is AOD-9604?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOD-9604 is a synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide corresponding to residues 177–191 of human growth hormone, with an additional tyrosine at the N-terminus. The molecular weight is approximately 1.8 kDa. It is closely related to \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/hgh-fragment-176-191\"\u003eHGH Fragment 176-191\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe molecule originates from research on C-terminal growth hormone fragments at Monash University and was developed by the Australian company Metabolic Pharmaceuticals. Development as a medicine for metabolic indications was discontinued after clinical trials failed to show sufficient efficacy.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn adipocyte and animal models AOD-9604 is associated with regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis. According to published work it does not show a significant effect on IGF-1 or growth, distinguishing it from full-length \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/somatropin-hgh\"\u003esomatropin\u003c\/a\u003e. The receptor mechanism has not been fully elucidated.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003egrowth hormone fragments\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eadipocyte biology\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003elipid metabolism in models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eseparating metabolic from growth-related effects of GH\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreclinical data and clinical trials that did not confirm efficacy.\u003c\/strong\u003e The molecule is not an approved medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452973396,"sku":"PEP-AOD9604-5MG-AMP","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453006164,"sku":"PEP-AOD9604-5MG-PEN","price":63.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-aod-9604-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"mots-c","title":"Research Compound MOTS-c","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound MOTS-c\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available in 10 mg and 20 mg variants.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is MOTS-c?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) with a molecular weight of approximately 2.2 kDa. It is encoded within mitochondrial DNA, in the gene for 12S ribosomal RNA, which places it among the mitochondrial-derived peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOTS-c was described in 2015 by Pinchas Cohen's group at the University of Southern California. The discovery was surprising because the 12S rRNA region had long been considered purely structural rather than coding for its own peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the original work MOTS-c interfered with the folate cycle, leading to accumulation of the intermediate AICAR and activation of AMPK, the central sensor of cellular energy. Later work describes translocation of MOTS-c to the nucleus under metabolic stress and effects on gene expression, making it an example of mitochondria-to-nucleus communication.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial-derived peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAMPK signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe folate cycle and glucose metabolism\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondria–nucleus communication\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical\u003c\/strong\u003e, with limited human data.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA related peptide is \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/humanin\"\u003eHumanin\u003c\/a\u003e; see also \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ss-31\"\u003eSS-31\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452449108,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-10MG-AMP","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971452481876,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-10MG-PEN","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56972272173396,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-20MG-AMP","price":76.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272206164,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-20MG-PEN","price":89.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-mots-c-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606021"},{"product_id":"5-amino-1mq","title":"Research Compound 5-Amino-1MQ","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound 5-Amino-1MQ\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 50 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is 5-Amino-1MQ?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e5-Amino-1MQ (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium) is a small organic molecule, not a peptide. It is a quaternary quinolinium cation with a molecular weight of approximately 159 Da, studied as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe compound was developed at the University of Texas Medical Branch as part of screening quinolinium analogues as NNMT inhibitors. Results in cellular and mouse metabolic models were published in 2018.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNNMT transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to nicotinamide, producing 1-methylnicotinamide. It thereby links vitamin B3 metabolism (and, indirectly, NAD+) to cellular methylation metabolism. NNMT inhibition is studied as a way of influencing nicotinamide availability and cellular energetics in adipocytes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eNNMT inhibition\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003enicotinamide metabolism and NAD+ pathways\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emethylation metabolism\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eadipocyte cell models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Quality human data are not available.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA related area is covered by \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/nad-plus\"\u003eNAD+\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"50 mg \/ Vial","offer_id":56972272468308,"sku":"PEP-5AMINO1MQ-50MG-AMP","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272501076,"sku":"PEP-5AMINO1MQ-50MG-PEN","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/CD104629-8BA5-430E-8B01-91FD4F0A9389_58a768b3-74de-49c9-9437-d1368e204ac8.png?v=1788125290"},{"product_id":"cjc-1295-no-dac","title":"Research Compound CJC-1295 No DAC","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound CJC-1295 No DAC\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is CJC-1295 No DAC?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCJC-1295 No DAC, also known in the literature as Modified GRF (1-29), is a synthetic 29-amino-acid GHRH analogue. Compared with the \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/sermorelin\"\u003esermorelin\u003c\/a\u003e sequence it contains four amino-acid substitutions (at positions 2, 8, 15 and 27), and its molecular weight is approximately 3.4 kDa.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe CJC-1295 designation comes from the Canadian company ConjuChem, which developed a version with a Drug Affinity Complex (DAC) modification for albumin binding and extended duration. The form without DAC retains only the four stabilising substitutions, so its pharmacokinetics differ substantially from the DAC version.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe substitutions increase resistance to the enzyme DPP-4 and reduce susceptibility to oxidation and deamidation compared with native GHRH(1-29). The molecule activates the GHRH receptor on pituitary somatotrophs, distinguishing it from secretagogues such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ipamorelin\"\u003eipamorelin\u003c\/a\u003e, which act at the ghrelin receptor.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe GHRH receptor\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeptide stabilisation by amino-acid substitution\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epharmacokinetics of GHRH analogues\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epituitary GH signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimited.\u003c\/strong\u003e Clinical data have been published for the DAC version and must not automatically be attributed to the form without DAC.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Vial","offer_id":56972272599380,"sku":"PEP-CJC1295NODAC-5MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272632148,"sku":"PEP-CJC1295NODAC-5MG-PEN","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/89DB4D12-9F69-4E74-80A4-08BD654B896E.png?v=1788125694"},{"product_id":"l-carnitine","title":"Research Compound L-Carnitine","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound L-Carnitine\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 1200 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is L-carnitine?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-trimethylaminobutyrate) is a naturally occurring quaternary ammonium compound, not a peptide, with a molecular weight of approximately 161 Da. It is synthesised in the body from the amino acids lysine and methionine, mainly in the liver and kidneys.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarnitine was isolated from muscle extracts in 1905, which gave it its name (Latin \u003cem\u003ecarnis\u003c\/em\u003e, flesh). Its key role in transporting fatty acids into mitochondria was clarified only in the 1950s, making it one of the foundations of our understanding of cellular energy metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong-chain fatty acids cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane on their own. The carnitine shuttle solves this in three steps: the enzyme CPT1 attaches the fatty acid to carnitine, the translocase CACT carries acylcarnitine across the membrane, and CPT2 converts it back to acyl-CoA for beta-oxidation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe carnitine shuttle (CPT1, CACT, CPT2)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial beta-oxidation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eacylcarnitine profiles\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecellular energy homeostasis\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe biochemical role is very well established.\u003c\/strong\u003e The effects of additional carnitine depend on the model and research question and cannot be generalised.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"1200 mg \/ Bottle","offer_id":56972272697684,"sku":"PEP-LCARNITINE-1200MG-AMP","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1200 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272730452,"sku":"PEP-LCARNITINE-1200MG-PEN","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/EB5D4842-74D6-47C0-AAD2-4F28594F8B30.png?v=1788125812"},{"product_id":"istrazivacki-spoj-slu-pp-332","title":"Istraživački spoj SLU-PP-332","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživački spoj SLU-PP-332\u003c\/strong\u003e laboratorijski je materijal specifikacije 10 mg za analitički i in vitro rad, dostupan kao liofilizirana bočica ili istraživački dozator.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eŠto je SLU-PP-332?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSLU-PP-332 je sintetska mala molekula koja se proučava kao agonist estrogenskih receptora povezanih s estrogenom ERRα, ERRβ i ERRγ.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMehanizam i istraživački kontekst\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAktivacija ERR receptora istražuje se zbog njihove uloge u regulaciji gena povezanih s energetskim metabolizmom, oksidacijom masnih kiselina i mitohondrijskom funkcijom. Objavljeni radovi obuhvaćaju stanične i životinjske modele.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGlavna područja istraživanja\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003efarmakologija ERRα\/β\/γ receptora\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eenergetski metabolizam i oksidacija masnih kiselina\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003emitohondrijska biologija i pretklinički metabolički modeli\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRazina dokaza\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDokazi su pretežno pretklinički. Nalazi u životinjskim modelima ne potvrđuju sigurnost ni učinak u ljudi.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePovezani sadržaji\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePročitajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/blogs\/novosti\/slu-pp-332-err-signalizacija-metabolizam\"\u003epovezani pregled istraživanja\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/metabolicka-signalizacija\"\u003emetabolička signalizacija\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/mitohondrijska-biologija\"\u003emitohondrijska biologija\u003c\/a\u003e. Za tumačenje dokumentacije serije pogledajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA vodič\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživačka namjena:\u003c\/strong\u003e isključivo za laboratorijsko, analitičko i in vitro istraživanje; nije namijenjeno primjeni na ljudima ili životinjama.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57370238189908,"sku":"PEP-SLUPP332-10MG-AMP","price":102.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57370238222676,"sku":"PEP-SLUPP332-10MG-PEN","price":114.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-slu-pp-332-10mg-vial.png?v=1790868752"},{"product_id":"glp1-reference-specimen","title":"GLP1 Reference Specimen (2 mg \/ 5 mg)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGLP1 Reference Specimen\u003c\/strong\u003e is a peptide reference material for laboratory studies of incretin receptor signalling and analytical comparison of specimens.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe specimen is suitable for in vitro models involving membrane receptor activation, secondary messenger generation and comparison of concentration-dependent responses.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe GLP-1 receptor system\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecAMP and downstream cellular signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estability of peptide specimens\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparative analysis of different concentrations\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults depend on specimen identity, storage conditions, solution preparation and the experimental model used. Data from regulated preparations cannot automatically be attributed to this material.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantities: 2 mg and 5 mg\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"2 mg \/ Bočica","offer_id":57391639757140,"sku":"PEP-GLP1RS-2MG-VIAL","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"2 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391858516308,"sku":"PEP-GLP1RS-2MG-DISP","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Bočica","offer_id":57391639789908,"sku":"PEP-GLP1RS-5MG-VIAL","price":102.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391858549076,"sku":"PEP-GLP1RS-5MG-DISP","price":114.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/glp1-reference-specimen.png?v=1790965537"},{"product_id":"gip-glp-dual-agonist","title":"GIP\/GLP Dual Agonist (10 mg \/ 20 mg)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGIP\/GLP Dual Agonist\u003c\/strong\u003e is a peptide research specimen for studying the simultaneous activation of two incretin receptor systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dual receptor profile enables comparison of individual and combined signalling responses in controlled in vitro models and investigation of the relationship between structure and functional selectivity.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eGIP and GLP-1 receptor signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparison of individual and combined responses\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003econcentration-dependent activity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeptide stability and analytical purity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults depend on the cell model, receptor density, exposure time and measurement method. Batch documentation supports confirmation of material identity and purity.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantities: 10 mg and 20 mg\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Bočica","offer_id":57391640346964,"sku":"PEP-GGD10-10MG-VIAL","price":127.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391858680148,"sku":"PEP-GGD10-10MG-DISP","price":140.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Bočica","offer_id":57391640379732,"sku":"PEP-GGD20-20MG-VIAL","price":212.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391858712916,"sku":"PEP-GGD20-20MG-DISP","price":225.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/gip-glp-dual-agonist.png?v=1790965513"},{"product_id":"triple-target-specimen","title":"Triple Target Specimen (10 mg \/ 20 mg)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTriple Target Specimen\u003c\/strong\u003e is a peptide research material for studying coordinated signalling through three metabolically relevant receptor systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe triple-target profile enables analysis of interactions between multiple signalling pathways, comparison of relative activity at individual receptors and study of functional balance in in vitro models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emulti-receptor signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003erelative potency and functional selectivity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecAMP and related cellular responses\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estability and characterisation of the peptide specimen\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach receptor pathway should be monitored separately under clearly defined experimental conditions. 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Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Bočica","offer_id":57391641526612,"sku":"PEP-TTS10-10MG-VIAL","price":153.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391858778452,"sku":"PEP-TTS10-10MG-DISP","price":165.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Bočica","offer_id":57391641559380,"sku":"PEP-TTS20-20MG-VIAL","price":272.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391858811220,"sku":"PEP-TTS20-20MG-DISP","price":284.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/triple-target-specimen.png?v=1790965542"},{"product_id":"th-peptide-10mg","title":"TH Peptide 10 mg (For Lab Use)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTH Peptide 10 mg\u003c\/strong\u003e is a modified peptide research material for analysis of endocrine receptor signalling and the stability of peptide analogues.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA terminal structural modification enables study of how chemical changes affect enzymatic degradation, duration of signalling response and structure-activity relationships.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eendocrine receptor signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eresistance to proteolytic degradation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estructure-function relationships\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparison of modified and unmodified peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparative studies require consistent preparation conditions, concentrations and exposure times. Functional data depend on the experimental system used.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 10 mg\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391853240660,"sku":"PEP-THP10-10MG-VIAL","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391853273428,"sku":"PEP-THP10-10MG-DISP","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/th-peptide-10mg.png?v=1790965524"}],"url":"https:\/\/peptiva.com.hr\/en\/collections\/metabolicka-signalizacija.oembed","provider":"Peptiva peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}