{"title":"Mitochondrial biology","description":"\u003cp\u003eMaterials for research into mitochondrial bioenergetics, NAD+ metabolism, redox biology and the cellular stress response.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"mots-c","title":"Research Compound MOTS-c","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound MOTS-c\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available in 10 mg and 20 mg variants.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is MOTS-c?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) with a molecular weight of approximately 2.2 kDa. It is encoded within mitochondrial DNA, in the gene for 12S ribosomal RNA, which places it among the mitochondrial-derived peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOTS-c was described in 2015 by Pinchas Cohen's group at the University of Southern California. The discovery was surprising because the 12S rRNA region had long been considered purely structural rather than coding for its own peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the original work MOTS-c interfered with the folate cycle, leading to accumulation of the intermediate AICAR and activation of AMPK, the central sensor of cellular energy. Later work describes translocation of MOTS-c to the nucleus under metabolic stress and effects on gene expression, making it an example of mitochondria-to-nucleus communication.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial-derived peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAMPK signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe folate cycle and glucose metabolism\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondria–nucleus communication\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical\u003c\/strong\u003e, with limited human data.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA related peptide is \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/humanin\"\u003eHumanin\u003c\/a\u003e; see also \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ss-31\"\u003eSS-31\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452449108,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-10MG-AMP","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971452481876,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-10MG-PEN","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56972272173396,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-20MG-AMP","price":76.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272206164,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-20MG-PEN","price":89.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-mots-c-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606021"},{"product_id":"nad-plus","title":"Research Compound NAD+","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound NAD+\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available in 500 mg and 1000 mg variants.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is NAD+?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidised form) is a naturally occurring coenzyme present in all living cells, not a peptide. It consists of two nucleotides joined by phosphate groups, with a molecular weight of approximately 663 Da.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAD+ was described in 1906 by Arthur Harden and William Young as the “cozymase” required for fermentation in yeast. Its structure and role in electron transfer were later clarified by Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe NAD+\/NADH pair carries electrons in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. NAD+ also serves as a consumed substrate for enzymes that break it down: sirtuins (deacetylases), PARP enzymes (DNA repair) and CD38. The balance between synthesis and consumption determines cellular NAD+ levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eredox metabolism and the NAD+\/NADH ratio\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial bioenergetics\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esirtuins and PARP enzymes\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNAD+ biosynthetic and degradation pathways\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe biochemical basis is very strong.\u003c\/strong\u003e Broad claims about the effects of additional NAD+ have not been adequately confirmed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelated materials include \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/5-amino-1mq\"\u003e5-Amino-1MQ\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/mots-c\"\u003eMOTS-c\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ss-31\"\u003eSS-31\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"500 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452186964,"sku":"PEP-NADPLUS-500MG-AMP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"500 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971452219732,"sku":"PEP-NADPLUS-500MG-PEN","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1000 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56972272238932,"sku":"PEP-NADPLUS-1000MG-AMP","price":93.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-nad-plus-500mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606018"},{"product_id":"humanin","title":"Research Compound Humanin","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Humanin\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is humanin?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumanin is a 24-amino-acid peptide (MAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA) with a molecular weight of approximately 2.7 kDa. It is encoded within the mitochondrial gene for 16S ribosomal RNA and was the first mitochondrial-derived peptide to be discovered.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumanin was discovered in 2001 by Ikuo Nishimoto's group in Japan while searching for genes that protect neurons from amyloid-related toxicity in cellular models. Related peptides such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/mots-c\"\u003eMOTS-c\u003c\/a\u003e were found later, creating an entire research field.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumanin acts both inside and outside the cell. Intracellularly it is associated with inhibition of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax; extracellularly with the FPRL1 receptor and a trimeric receptor complex that includes gp130. The literature also frequently uses the analogue HNG (serine-to-glycine substitution at position 14), which shows greater activity in models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial-derived peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eapoptotic signalling and Bax\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecellular stress response\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eneuronal cell models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Clinical benefit in humans has not been established.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971451990356,"sku":"PEP-HUMANIN-10MG-AMP","price":119.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971452023124,"sku":"PEP-HUMANIN-10MG-PEN","price":131.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-humanin-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605989"},{"product_id":"l-carnitine","title":"Research Compound L-Carnitine","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound L-Carnitine\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 1200 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is L-carnitine?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-trimethylaminobutyrate) is a naturally occurring quaternary ammonium compound, not a peptide, with a molecular weight of approximately 161 Da. It is synthesised in the body from the amino acids lysine and methionine, mainly in the liver and kidneys.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarnitine was isolated from muscle extracts in 1905, which gave it its name (Latin \u003cem\u003ecarnis\u003c\/em\u003e, flesh). Its key role in transporting fatty acids into mitochondria was clarified only in the 1950s, making it one of the foundations of our understanding of cellular energy metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong-chain fatty acids cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane on their own. The carnitine shuttle solves this in three steps: the enzyme CPT1 attaches the fatty acid to carnitine, the translocase CACT carries acylcarnitine across the membrane, and CPT2 converts it back to acyl-CoA for beta-oxidation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe carnitine shuttle (CPT1, CACT, CPT2)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial beta-oxidation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eacylcarnitine profiles\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecellular energy homeostasis\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe biochemical role is very well established.\u003c\/strong\u003e The effects of additional carnitine depend on the model and research question and cannot be generalised.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"1200 mg \/ Bottle","offer_id":56972272697684,"sku":"PEP-LCARNITINE-1200MG-AMP","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1200 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272730452,"sku":"PEP-LCARNITINE-1200MG-PEN","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/EB5D4842-74D6-47C0-AAD2-4F28594F8B30.png?v=1788125812"},{"product_id":"istrazivacki-spoj-slu-pp-332","title":"Istraživački spoj SLU-PP-332","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživački spoj SLU-PP-332\u003c\/strong\u003e laboratorijski je materijal specifikacije 10 mg za analitički i in vitro rad, dostupan kao liofilizirana bočica ili istraživački dozator.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eŠto je SLU-PP-332?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSLU-PP-332 je sintetska mala molekula koja se proučava kao agonist estrogenskih receptora povezanih s estrogenom ERRα, ERRβ i ERRγ.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMehanizam i istraživački kontekst\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAktivacija ERR receptora istražuje se zbog njihove uloge u regulaciji gena povezanih s energetskim metabolizmom, oksidacijom masnih kiselina i mitohondrijskom funkcijom. Objavljeni radovi obuhvaćaju stanične i životinjske modele.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGlavna područja istraživanja\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003efarmakologija ERRα\/β\/γ receptora\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eenergetski metabolizam i oksidacija masnih kiselina\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003emitohondrijska biologija i pretklinički metabolički modeli\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRazina dokaza\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDokazi su pretežno pretklinički. Nalazi u životinjskim modelima ne potvrđuju sigurnost ni učinak u ljudi.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePovezani sadržaji\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePročitajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/blogs\/novosti\/slu-pp-332-err-signalizacija-metabolizam\"\u003epovezani pregled istraživanja\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/metabolicka-signalizacija\"\u003emetabolička signalizacija\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/mitohondrijska-biologija\"\u003emitohondrijska biologija\u003c\/a\u003e. Za tumačenje dokumentacije serije pogledajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA vodič\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživačka namjena:\u003c\/strong\u003e isključivo za laboratorijsko, analitičko i in vitro istraživanje; nije namijenjeno primjeni na ljudima ili životinjama.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57370238189908,"sku":"PEP-SLUPP332-10MG-AMP","price":102.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57370238222676,"sku":"PEP-SLUPP332-10MG-PEN","price":114.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-slu-pp-332-10mg-vial.png?v=1790868752"},{"product_id":"mito-peptide-ss31","title":"Mito-Peptide SS31 10 mg (Research Grade)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMito-Peptide SS31 10 mg\u003c\/strong\u003e is a short peptide research material intended for studies of mitochondrial membranes and cellular energetics in in vitro models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distinctive arrangement of aromatic and positively charged amino acids makes this specimen useful for analysing interactions with the inner mitochondrial membrane and membrane phospholipids.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial membrane structure and function\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003erespiratory chain organisation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative phosphorylation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative stress in experimental models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurements of mitochondrial function are sensitive to cell type, medium composition, exposure time and selected endpoints. Results should be interpreted within a clearly defined model.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 10 mg\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391849374036,"sku":"PEP-MPSS31-10MG-VIAL","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391849406804,"sku":"PEP-MPSS31-10MG-DISP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/mito-peptide-ss31-10mg.png?v=1790965501"}],"url":"https:\/\/peptiva.com.hr\/en\/collections\/mitohondrijska-biologija.oembed","provider":"Peptiva peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}