{"title":"Cellular ageing and redox biology","description":"\u003cp\u003eResearch compounds studied in the context of cellular senescence, telomere biology, mitochondria and redox processes in laboratory models.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"ghk-cu","title":"Research Compound GHK-Cu","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound GHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available in 50 mg and 100 mg variants.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is GHK-Cu?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHK-Cu is a complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (Gly-His-Lys) with copper(II) ions. The tripeptide itself has a molecular weight of approximately 340 Da and binds copper(II) with very high affinity via the histidine imidazole, the glycine amino group and the peptide bond. The complex has a characteristic blue colour derived from the bound copper.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHK was isolated from human plasma by Loren Pickart in 1973, where it is present at low concentrations. It has since been studied in cell biology, particularly in fibroblast and extracellular matrix models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn cellular models GHK-Cu is associated with stimulation of collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in fibroblasts and with regulation of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, suggesting a role in extracellular matrix remodelling. Gene expression analyses (Connectivity Map) suggest that GHK influences the expression of a large number of genes, but these bioinformatic analyses are not evidence of a clinical effect.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003efibroblasts and collagen synthesis\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eextracellular matrix remodelling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emetalloproteinases and their inhibitors\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eanimal tissue models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edermal and follicular cell models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecopper binding and transport\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Most data come from cellular and animal models; recent reviews note that quality clinical data are insufficient.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated research materials\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA related copper-peptide complex is \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ahk-cu\"\u003eAHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e, which has a different sequence and a separate literature. GHK-Cu is also a component of \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"50 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971454873940,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-50MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971454906708,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-50MG-PEN","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56972272337236,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-100MG-AMP","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272370004,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-100MG-PEN","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-ghk-cu-50mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"mots-c","title":"Research Compound MOTS-c","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound MOTS-c\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available in 10 mg and 20 mg variants.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is MOTS-c?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) with a molecular weight of approximately 2.2 kDa. It is encoded within mitochondrial DNA, in the gene for 12S ribosomal RNA, which places it among the mitochondrial-derived peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMOTS-c was described in 2015 by Pinchas Cohen's group at the University of Southern California. The discovery was surprising because the 12S rRNA region had long been considered purely structural rather than coding for its own peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the original work MOTS-c interfered with the folate cycle, leading to accumulation of the intermediate AICAR and activation of AMPK, the central sensor of cellular energy. Later work describes translocation of MOTS-c to the nucleus under metabolic stress and effects on gene expression, making it an example of mitochondria-to-nucleus communication.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial-derived peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAMPK signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe folate cycle and glucose metabolism\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondria–nucleus communication\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical\u003c\/strong\u003e, with limited human data.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA related peptide is \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/humanin\"\u003eHumanin\u003c\/a\u003e; see also \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ss-31\"\u003eSS-31\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452449108,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-10MG-AMP","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971452481876,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-10MG-PEN","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56972272173396,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-20MG-AMP","price":76.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272206164,"sku":"PEP-MOTSC-20MG-PEN","price":89.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-mots-c-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606021"},{"product_id":"epithalon","title":"Research Compound Epithalon","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Epithalon\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is Epithalon?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, with a molecular weight of approximately 390 Da.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEpithalon was developed by Vladimir Khavinson's group at the Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology in St Petersburg. The sequence was designed based on analysis of epithalamin, a peptide extract of the pineal gland. The great majority of published work comes from the same research group and independent replications are few, which is important when interpreting the literature.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most cited papers describe telomerase activation and telomere elongation in cultures of human fibroblasts, and changes in gene expression. It has been proposed that short peptides such as Epithalon may interact directly with DNA and influence transcription, but this mechanism has not been confirmed by independent research. Telomerase activation in cell culture is not evidence of an effect on the organism.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003etelomerase and telomere length\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ereplicative senescence in cell culture\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003egene expression\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epineal biology\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly experimental\u003c\/strong\u003e, with a limited number of independent replications.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452318036,"sku":"PEP-EPITHALON-10MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971452350804,"sku":"PEP-EPITHALON-10MG-PEN","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-epithalon-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"nad-plus","title":"Research Compound NAD+","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound NAD+\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available in 500 mg and 1000 mg variants.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is NAD+?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidised form) is a naturally occurring coenzyme present in all living cells, not a peptide. It consists of two nucleotides joined by phosphate groups, with a molecular weight of approximately 663 Da.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAD+ was described in 1906 by Arthur Harden and William Young as the “cozymase” required for fermentation in yeast. Its structure and role in electron transfer were later clarified by Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe NAD+\/NADH pair carries electrons in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. NAD+ also serves as a consumed substrate for enzymes that break it down: sirtuins (deacetylases), PARP enzymes (DNA repair) and CD38. The balance between synthesis and consumption determines cellular NAD+ levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eredox metabolism and the NAD+\/NADH ratio\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial bioenergetics\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esirtuins and PARP enzymes\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eNAD+ biosynthetic and degradation pathways\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe biochemical basis is very strong.\u003c\/strong\u003e Broad claims about the effects of additional NAD+ have not been adequately confirmed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelated materials include \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/5-amino-1mq\"\u003e5-Amino-1MQ\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/mots-c\"\u003eMOTS-c\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ss-31\"\u003eSS-31\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"500 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452186964,"sku":"PEP-NADPLUS-500MG-AMP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"500 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971452219732,"sku":"PEP-NADPLUS-500MG-PEN","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1000 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56972272238932,"sku":"PEP-NADPLUS-1000MG-AMP","price":93.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-nad-plus-500mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606018"},{"product_id":"glutathione","title":"Research Compound Glutathione","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Glutathione\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is glutathione?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlutathione (GSH) is the naturally occurring tripeptide γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, with a molecular weight of approximately 307 Da. It is unusual in that glutamate is linked via its gamma-carboxyl group rather than a conventional peptide bond, which protects it from most peptidases.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrederick Gowland Hopkins described glutathione in 1921 and gave it its name. It is now known as the most abundant low-molecular-weight thiol in mammalian cells, with intracellular concentrations in the millimolar range.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSynthesis proceeds in two steps, via glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase. The cysteine thiol group allows interconversion between the reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) forms. Glutathione participates in glutathione peroxidase activity, conjugation of electrophilic compounds via glutathione S-transferases, and reversible S-glutathionylation of proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eGSH\/GSSG redox balance\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative stress in cellular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eglutathione peroxidases and S-transferases\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprotein S-glutathionylation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe biochemical role is very well established.\u003c\/strong\u003e Outcomes depend on formulation, model and research question.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"1500 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452088660,"sku":"PEP-GLUTATHIONE-1500MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-glutathione-1500mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605988"},{"product_id":"humanin","title":"Research Compound Humanin","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Humanin\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is humanin?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumanin is a 24-amino-acid peptide (MAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA) with a molecular weight of approximately 2.7 kDa. It is encoded within the mitochondrial gene for 16S ribosomal RNA and was the first mitochondrial-derived peptide to be discovered.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumanin was discovered in 2001 by Ikuo Nishimoto's group in Japan while searching for genes that protect neurons from amyloid-related toxicity in cellular models. Related peptides such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/mots-c\"\u003eMOTS-c\u003c\/a\u003e were found later, creating an entire research field.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHumanin acts both inside and outside the cell. Intracellularly it is associated with inhibition of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax; extracellularly with the FPRL1 receptor and a trimeric receptor complex that includes gp130. The literature also frequently uses the analogue HNG (serine-to-glycine substitution at position 14), which shows greater activity in models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial-derived peptides\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eapoptotic signalling and Bax\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecellular stress response\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eneuronal cell models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Clinical benefit in humans has not been established.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971451990356,"sku":"PEP-HUMANIN-10MG-AMP","price":119.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971452023124,"sku":"PEP-HUMANIN-10MG-PEN","price":131.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-humanin-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605989"},{"product_id":"thymalin","title":"Research Compound Thymalin","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Thymalin\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 10 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is Thymalin?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThymalin originally denotes a complex of polypeptides isolated from the thymus, not a single defined molecule. For this reason it is particularly important with this material to check the declared composition and the analytical documentation of the specific batch.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe preparation was developed in the 1970s by Vladimir Khavinson and Vyacheslav Morozov in Leningrad, as part of research into peptide bioregulators from various tissues. The same research school later developed synthetic short peptides such as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/epithalon\"\u003eEpithalon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe literature describes effects on T-lymphocyte differentiation and on the ratio of lymphocyte subpopulations in experimental models, as well as research in the context of age-related thymic involution. Because it is a mixture of peptides, attributing an effect to any single molecule is methodologically difficult.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ethymus biology and thymic involution\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eT-lymphocyte differentiation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeptide complexes and their standardisation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eimmune signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimited and heterogeneous\u003c\/strong\u003e, largely from regional literature and the same research school.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor other thymus-related peptides see \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/thymosin-alpha-1\"\u003eThymosin Alpha-1\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Vial","offer_id":56972272894292,"sku":"PEP-THYMALIN-10MG-AMP","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272927060,"sku":"PEP-THYMALIN-10MG-PEN","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/BEEEF6D9-B8CD-47D1-830B-AB3B4FAFC320_25cd6173-38d7-4a7f-a2f3-052a245a5498.png?v=1788126632"},{"product_id":"ahk-cu","title":"Research Compound AHK-Cu","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound AHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is AHK-Cu?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAHK-Cu is a complex of the tripeptide alanyl-histidyl-lysine (Ala-His-Lys) with copper(II) ions. It differs from the related \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghk-cu\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e only in its first amino acid: alanine instead of glycine. This small change is enough for the two compounds to have separate literatures, and they should not be treated as equivalent.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAHK-Cu originates from research on copper-peptide complexes that began with the discovery of GHK in human plasma. The most cited paper on AHK-Cu, published in 2007, tested it on isolated hair follicles ex vivo and on dermal papilla cell cultures.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn these models AHK-Cu is associated with increased proliferation of dermal papilla cells and reduced apoptosis, with changes in the Bcl-2\/Bax protein ratio. Dermal papillae are specialised cells at the base of the follicle that regulate its cycle, making them a common model in follicle biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003edermal papilla cells\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ehair follicle biology in models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecopper signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eapoptosis and Bcl-2\/Bax\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly in vitro and ex vivo.\u003c\/strong\u003e The literature is narrower than for GHK-Cu, and human data are limited.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"100 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57202150900052,"sku":"PEP-AHKCU-100MG-AMP","price":93.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57202150932820,"sku":"PEP-AHKCU-100MG-PEN","price":106.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/IMG-1434.png?v=1789745472"},{"product_id":"istrazivacki-spoj-vilon","title":"Istraživački spoj Vilon","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživački spoj Vilon\u003c\/strong\u003e laboratorijski je materijal specifikacije 20 mg za analitički i in vitro rad, dostupan kao liofilizirana bočica ili istraživački dozator.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eŠto je Vilon?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eVilon je kratki sintetski peptid koji se u literaturi proučava u imunološkim i timusnim istraživačkim modelima.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMehanizam i istraživački kontekst\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIstraživanja su razmatrala moguće promjene imunoloških pokazatelja, uključujući modele povezane sa starenjem. Dostupna literatura je uža i neujednačena, pa rezultate treba tumačiti oprezno.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGlavna područja istraživanja\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eimunološki i timusni modeli\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eimunosenescencija i eksperimentalni markeri\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eusporedba kratkih bioregulatornih peptida\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRazina dokaza\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eObjavljeni podaci su ograničeni i ne predstavljaju potvrdu kliničke učinkovitosti ili sigurnosti. Zaključke iz pojedinih modela nije moguće izravno prenijeti na ljude.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePovezani sadržaji\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePročitajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/blogs\/novosti\/vilon-vs-pinealon-bioregulatori\"\u003epovezani pregled istraživanja\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/imunoloska-signalizacija\"\u003eimunološka signalizacija\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/neuropeptidi\"\u003eneuropeptidi\u003c\/a\u003e. Za tumačenje dokumentacije serije pogledajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA vodič\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživačka namjena:\u003c\/strong\u003e isključivo za laboratorijsko, analitičko i in vitro istraživanje; nije namijenjeno primjeni na ljudima ili životinjama.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"20 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57370242187604,"sku":"PEP-VILON-20MG-AMP","price":59.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57370242220372,"sku":"PEP-VILON-20MG-PEN","price":72.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-vilon-20mg-vial.png?v=1790868827"},{"product_id":"istrazivacki-spoj-pinealon","title":"Istraživački spoj Pinealon","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživački spoj Pinealon\u003c\/strong\u003e laboratorijski je materijal specifikacije 10 mg za analitički i in vitro rad, dostupan kao liofilizirana bočica ili istraživački dozator.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eŠto je Pinealon?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePinealon je sintetski tripeptid (Glu-Asp-Arg) istraživan u staničnim modelima.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMehanizam i istraživački kontekst\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eObjavljeni in vitro radovi proučavali su oksidativni stres, nakupljanje reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta, staničnu vijabilnost i povezane signalne procese, uključujući ERK1\/2.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGlavna područja istraživanja\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eoksidativni stres i redoks biologija\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eneuronske i druge stanične kulture\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003estanična vijabilnost i signalizacija ERK1\/2\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRazina dokaza\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDostupni nalazi pretežno su stanični i pretklinički. Oni ne potvrđuju učinak ni sigurnost u ljudi.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePovezani sadržaji\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePročitajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/blogs\/novosti\/vilon-vs-pinealon-bioregulatori\"\u003epovezani pregled istraživanja\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/neuropeptidi\"\u003eneuropeptidi\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/stanicno-starenje-i-redoks\"\u003estanično starenje i redoks biologija\u003c\/a\u003e. Za tumačenje dokumentacije serije pogledajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA vodič\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživačka namjena:\u003c\/strong\u003e isključivo za laboratorijsko, analitičko i in vitro istraživanje; nije namijenjeno primjeni na ljudima ili životinjama.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57370243498324,"sku":"PEP-PINEALON-10MG-AMP","price":46.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57370243531092,"sku":"PEP-PINEALON-10MG-PEN","price":59.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-pinealon-10mg-vial.png?v=1790868848"},{"product_id":"istrazivacki-spoj-fox04-dri","title":"Istraživački spoj FOX04-DRI","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživački spoj FOX04-DRI\u003c\/strong\u003e laboratorijski je materijal specifikacije 10 mg za analitički i in vitro rad, dostupan kao liofilizirana bočica ili istraživački dozator.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eŠto je FOX04-DRI?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFOX04-DRI je oznaka proizvoda povezana s istraživačkim peptidom koji se u literaturi češće zapisuje kao FOXO4-DRI.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMehanizam i istraživački kontekst\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFOXO4-DRI proučava se u staničnim modelima senescencije, osobito u vezi s interakcijom FOXO4 i p53. Istraživanja ispituju kako se ta interakcija može mijenjati u eksperimentalnim uvjetima.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGlavna područja istraživanja\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFOXO4–p53 interakcija\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003estanična senescencija i signalizacija\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epretklinički modeli staničnih procesa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRazina dokaza\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDostupni nalazi su pretklinički, iz staničnih i životinjskih modela. Oni ne potvrđuju sigurnost ni učinak u ljudi; FOXO4-DRI nije klinički odobrena terapija.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePovezani sadržaji\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePročitajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/blogs\/novosti\/pnc-27-vs-foxo4-dri-stanicna-signalizacija\"\u003epovezani pregled istraživanja\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/stanicno-starenje-i-redoks\"\u003estanično starenje i redoks biologija\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/stanicna-signalizacija\"\u003estanična signalizacija\u003c\/a\u003e. Za tumačenje dokumentacije serije pogledajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA vodič\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživačka namjena:\u003c\/strong\u003e isključivo za laboratorijsko, analitičko i in vitro istraživanje; nije namijenjeno primjeni na ljudima ili životinjama.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57370247758164,"sku":"PEP-FOX04DRI-10MG-AMP","price":297.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57370247790932,"sku":"PEP-FOX04DRI-10MG-PEN","price":310.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-fox04-dri-10mg-vial.png?v=1790868935"},{"product_id":"gh-complex-36iu","title":"GH Complex 36 IU (For Lab Use Only)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGH Complex 36 IU\u003c\/strong\u003e is a recombinant protein research material intended for laboratory, analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe material is suitable for studying protein stability, receptor binding, downstream cellular signalling and the relationship between structure and biological activity in controlled laboratory models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ereceptor and intracellular signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprotein stability and correct folding\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eaggregation, deamidation and degradation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparative analysis of protein specimens\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor larger protein materials, chromatographic purity alone is not sufficient for complete characterisation. Additional structural and functional methods may be required depending on the research objective.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 36 IU\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391835709780,"sku":"PEP-GHC36-36IU-VIAL","price":76.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391835742548,"sku":"PEP-GHC36-36IU-DISP","price":89.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/gh-complex-36iu.png?v=1790965487"},{"product_id":"mito-peptide-ss31","title":"Mito-Peptide SS31 10 mg (Research Grade)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMito-Peptide SS31 10 mg\u003c\/strong\u003e is a short peptide research material intended for studies of mitochondrial membranes and cellular energetics in in vitro models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distinctive arrangement of aromatic and positively charged amino acids makes this specimen useful for analysing interactions with the inner mitochondrial membrane and membrane phospholipids.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial membrane structure and function\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003erespiratory chain organisation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative phosphorylation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative stress in experimental models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurements of mitochondrial function are sensitive to cell type, medium composition, exposure time and selected endpoints. Results should be interpreted within a clearly defined model.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 10 mg\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391849374036,"sku":"PEP-MPSS31-10MG-VIAL","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391849406804,"sku":"PEP-MPSS31-10MG-DISP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/mito-peptide-ss31-10mg.png?v=1790965501"}],"url":"https:\/\/peptiva.com.hr\/en\/collections\/stanicno-starenje-i-redoks.oembed","provider":"Peptiva peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}