{"title":"Tissue and vascular models","description":"\u003cp\u003eCompounds studied in models of tissue signalling, cell migration, angiogenesis and the extracellular matrix.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"kpv","title":"Research Compound KPV","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound KPV\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is KPV?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKPV is the tripeptide lysine-proline-valine (Lys-Pro-Val), with a molecular weight of approximately 342 Da. It corresponds to the C-terminal portion (positions 11–13) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a 13-amino-acid peptide of the melanocortin family.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies of α-MSH showed that part of the hormone's anti-inflammatory activity in experimental models is retained in this short C-terminal fragment. This prompted separate study of KPV as a minimal active sequence, independent of the pigmentation-related effects of full-length α-MSH.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn cellular models KPV is associated with inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signalling and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Work on intestinal epithelium describes cellular uptake of KPV via the PepT1 transporter, studied in animal models of intestinal inflammation. The precise receptor mechanism has not been fully elucidated.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eNF-κB and MAPK signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecytokine response\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eintestinal epithelium and the PepT1 transporter\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eepithelial barrier\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003egastrointestinal animal models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Data come from cellular and animal models; there is no evidence of clinical efficacy in humans.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated research materials\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKPV is a component of the combined preparation \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971456577876,"sku":"PEP-KPV-10MG-AMP","price":46.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971456610644,"sku":"PEP-KPV-10MG-PEN","price":59.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-kpv-10mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606019"},{"product_id":"bpc-157","title":"Research Compound BPC-157","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound BPC-157\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available as a lyophilised vial or a research dispenser.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is BPC-157?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic pentadecapeptide of 15 amino acids with the sequence Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val and a molecular weight of approximately 1419 Da. It is derived from a partial sequence of a protein isolated from human gastric juice. Unlike most peptides, it is described in the literature as relatively stable in acidic media, one reason it is frequently studied in gastrointestinal models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost published work on BPC-157 comes from the research group of Prof. Predrag Sikirić at the University of Zagreb School of Medicine, which has studied it since the early 1990s. The literature is therefore extensive in number of papers, but relatively few independent replications come from other laboratories — an important consideration when interpreting it.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe precise mechanism has not been established. Cellular and animal models suggest interactions with the nitric oxide (NO) system, VEGFR2 signalling and angiogenesis, and the FAK–paxillin pathway involved in fibroblast migration. Work on tendon fibroblasts also describes changes in growth hormone receptor expression. These findings describe research hypotheses, not confirmed effects in humans.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003etendon, ligament and skeletal muscle models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eangiogenesis and microcirculation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003egastrointestinal mucosal integrity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efibroblast migration and adhesion\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einflammatory mediators and oxidative stress\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e A 2025 systematic review found almost exclusively cellular and animal studies. Human data are limited to a small number of small pilot studies, and quality clinical safety data do not exist.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated research materials\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 is frequently discussed alongside thymosin beta-4 (\u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e). It is also available as the ready-made combination \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157-tb-500-mix\"\u003eBPC-157 \/ TB-500 Mix\u003c\/a\u003e and as a component of \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e. Evidence for the single molecule does not confirm the properties of combinations.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455627604,"sku":"PEP-BPC157-5MG-AMP","price":29.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455660372,"sku":"PEP-BPC157-5MG-PEN","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455693140,"sku":"PEP-BPC157-10MG-AMP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455725908,"sku":"PEP-BPC157-10MG-PEN","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-bpc-157-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"tb-500","title":"Research Compound TB-500","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound TB-500\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available as a lyophilised vial or a research dispenser.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is TB-500?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTB-500 is a commercial designation for research materials related to thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4). Native Tβ4 is a 43-amino-acid peptide with a molecular weight of approximately 4.9 kDa and one of the most abundant intracellular peptides in many cell types. Both the full sequence and shorter synthetic fragments, such as the 17–23 region (LKKTETQ) associated with actin binding, are sold under the TB-500 name, so the declared identity should always be checked in the batch specification.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThymosin beta-4 was originally described in studies of thymic extracts in the 1980s and was later recognised as the main protein that sequesters monomeric G-actin in cells. It has since been studied in models of cell migration, angiogenesis and tissue remodelling, including dermal and cardiovascular animal models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTβ4 sequesters G-actin and thereby influences the balance between monomeric and polymerised actin, which underlies cell motility. In experimental models it is also associated with angiogenic signalling, progenitor cell differentiation and modulation of inflammatory mediators. Data for native Tβ4 cannot automatically be attributed to every material labelled TB-500.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eactin and cytoskeletal dynamics\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecell migration and adhesion\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eangiogenesis and endothelial models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edermal and epithelial models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecardiovascular animal models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e For native Tβ4 there is extensive cellular and animal literature and a limited number of clinical trials of specific preparations; for materials labelled TB-500 there are no quality clinical data.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated research materials\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTB-500 is frequently discussed alongside \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/a\u003e and is also available as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157-tb-500-mix\"\u003eBPC-157 \/ TB-500 Mix\u003c\/a\u003e and as a component of \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455299924,"sku":"PEP-TB500-5MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455332692,"sku":"PEP-TB500-5MG-PEN","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455365460,"sku":"PEP-TB500-10MG-AMP","price":72.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455398228,"sku":"PEP-TB500-10MG-PEN","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-tb-500-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606049"},{"product_id":"bpc-157-tb-500-mix","title":"Research Compound BPC-157 \/ TB-500 Mix","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound BPC-157 \/ TB-500 Mix\u003c\/strong\u003e is a ready-made combination of two research materials for analytical and in vitro work, available as 5+5 mg and 10+10 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComposition\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe blend contains \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/a\u003e, a synthetic 15-amino-acid pentadecapeptide, and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e, a material related to thymosin beta-4. The stated amount refers to each component separately (for example 5 mg BPC-157 and 5 mg TB-500), not to the total mass.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhy these two molecules are studied together\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe two components cover different but complementary mechanisms. In the preclinical literature BPC-157 is associated with angiogenesis, the nitric oxide system and FAK–paxillin signalling in fibroblasts, while thymosin beta-4 is known for G-actin binding and its role in cell motility. The combination allows single and combined responses to be compared in the same experimental model.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003etissue and vascular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efibroblast and endothelial cell migration\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eactin dynamics\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparison of single and combined responses\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical considerations for blends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor a combined material, the identity and amount of each component must be verified separately. A purity result for the blend as a whole does not show how much of each molecule is actually present, nor does it confirm the stability of the components in a shared formulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvidence relates to the individual components\u003c\/strong\u003e and is predominantly preclinical. Synergy of the finished combination has not been confirmed by quality studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBroader combinations including GHK-Cu are available as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"5 mg + 5 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455103316,"sku":"PEP-BPC157TB500MIX-5MGPLUS5MG-AMP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg + 5 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455136084,"sku":"PEP-BPC157TB500MIX-5MGPLUS5MG-PEN","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg + 10 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971455168852,"sku":"PEP-BPC157TB500MIX-10MGPLUS10MG-AMP","price":97.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg + 10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971455201620,"sku":"PEP-BPC157TB500MIX-10MGPLUS10MG-PEN","price":110.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-bpc-157-tb-500-mix-5mg-plus-5mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"ghk-cu","title":"Research Compound GHK-Cu","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound GHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work, available in 50 mg and 100 mg variants.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is GHK-Cu?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHK-Cu is a complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (Gly-His-Lys) with copper(II) ions. The tripeptide itself has a molecular weight of approximately 340 Da and binds copper(II) with very high affinity via the histidine imidazole, the glycine amino group and the peptide bond. The complex has a characteristic blue colour derived from the bound copper.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGHK was isolated from human plasma by Loren Pickart in 1973, where it is present at low concentrations. It has since been studied in cell biology, particularly in fibroblast and extracellular matrix models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn cellular models GHK-Cu is associated with stimulation of collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in fibroblasts and with regulation of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, suggesting a role in extracellular matrix remodelling. Gene expression analyses (Connectivity Map) suggest that GHK influences the expression of a large number of genes, but these bioinformatic analyses are not evidence of a clinical effect.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003efibroblasts and collagen synthesis\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eextracellular matrix remodelling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emetalloproteinases and their inhibitors\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eanimal tissue models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edermal and follicular cell models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecopper binding and transport\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e Most data come from cellular and animal models; recent reviews note that quality clinical data are insufficient.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated research materials\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA related copper-peptide complex is \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ahk-cu\"\u003eAHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e, which has a different sequence and a separate literature. GHK-Cu is also a component of \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"50 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971454873940,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-50MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971454906708,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-50MG-PEN","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56972272337236,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-100MG-AMP","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272370004,"sku":"PEP-GHKCU-100MG-PEN","price":80.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-ghk-cu-50mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605942"},{"product_id":"igf-1-lr3","title":"Research Compound IGF-1 LR3","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound IGF-1 LR3\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is IGF-1 LR3?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) is a recombinant analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1. It consists of 83 amino acids: the full 70-amino-acid IGF-1 sequence in which glutamic acid at position 3 is replaced by arginine (hence “R3”), plus a 13-amino-acid N-terminal extension (hence “Long”). The molecular weight is approximately 9.1 kDa.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analogue was developed in Australia in the 1990s. Because of its stability and high activity in cell culture, it is widely used as a supplement in cell culture media in research and bioprocessing laboratories, giving it a clear in vitro context.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe modifications substantially reduce binding to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which otherwise limit IGF-1 availability. As a result it is more active than native IGF-1 at the same concentration in cellular systems. It activates the IGF-1 receptor and the downstream PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR and Ras\/MAPK pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe IGF-1 receptor\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ePI3K\/AKT and MAPK signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecell proliferation in culture\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einteraction with IGFBPs\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly experimental and bioprocessing literature.\u003c\/strong\u003e Clinical data for native IGF-1 are not evidence for IGF-1 LR3.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"1 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453268308,"sku":"PEP-IGF1LR3-1MG-AMP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453301076,"sku":"PEP-IGF1LR3-1MG-PEN","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-igf-1-lr3-1mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605988"},{"product_id":"peg-mgf","title":"Research Compound PEG-MGF","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound PEG-MGF\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is PEG-MGF?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMGF (mechano growth factor) is the name given to a splice variant of the IGF-1 gene known in humans as IGF-1Ec. Commercial material labelled MGF is usually a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal E-domain of this variant, and PEG-MGF is its form with attached polyethylene glycol (PEG).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe variant was described in 1996 by Geoffrey Goldspink's group at University College London in studies of muscle tissue subjected to mechanical load, which gave it its name. Later literature on the biological role of the E-peptide itself is partly contradictory.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePEGylation increases molecular size and slows degradation and elimination, substantially altering physical and pharmacokinetic properties. Data on endogenous MGF, IGF-1 or non-PEGylated E-peptide therefore cannot automatically be transferred to PEG-MGF.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eIGF-1 gene splice variants\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eE-peptides and their biological role\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ePEGylation and peptide stability\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emuscle precursor cell models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimited and predominantly preclinical.\u003c\/strong\u003e For the PEGylated form, quality peer-reviewed data are almost non-existent.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSee also \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/igf-1-lr3\"\u003eIGF-1 LR3\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"2 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971453170004,"sku":"PEP-PEGMGF-2MG-AMP","price":29.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"2 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56971453202772,"sku":"PEP-PEGMGF-2MG-PEN","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-peg-mgf-2mg-ampulica.png?v=1787606019"},{"product_id":"glutathione","title":"Research Compound Glutathione","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound Glutathione\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is glutathione?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlutathione (GSH) is the naturally occurring tripeptide γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, with a molecular weight of approximately 307 Da. It is unusual in that glutamate is linked via its gamma-carboxyl group rather than a conventional peptide bond, which protects it from most peptidases.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrederick Gowland Hopkins described glutathione in 1921 and gave it its name. It is now known as the most abundant low-molecular-weight thiol in mammalian cells, with intracellular concentrations in the millimolar range.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSynthesis proceeds in two steps, via glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase. The cysteine thiol group allows interconversion between the reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) forms. Glutathione participates in glutathione peroxidase activity, conjugation of electrophilic compounds via glutathione S-transferases, and reversible S-glutathionylation of proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eGSH\/GSSG redox balance\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative stress in cellular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eglutathione peroxidases and S-transferases\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprotein S-glutathionylation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe biochemical role is very well established.\u003c\/strong\u003e Outcomes depend on formulation, model and research question.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"1500 mg \/ Lyophilized vial","offer_id":56971452088660,"sku":"PEP-GLUTATHIONE-1500MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-2026-glutathione-1500mg-ampulica.png?v=1787605988"},{"product_id":"ll-37","title":"Research Compound LL-37","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound LL-37\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is LL-37?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLL-37 is a 37-amino-acid peptide beginning with two leucines (hence the name), with a molecular weight of approximately 4.5 kDa. It is the only human cathelicidin, produced by cleavage of the C-terminal part of the precursor protein hCAP18, primarily by proteinase 3.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHuman cathelicidin was described in the mid-1990s, a period when antimicrobial peptides were recognised as an important part of mammalian innate immunity. LL-37 has since become one of the most studied human antimicrobial peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn solution LL-37 forms a positively charged amphipathic alpha-helix, allowing it to interact with and disrupt negatively charged bacterial membranes. Beyond direct antimicrobial activity in vitro, it is studied as an immunomodulator: it binds lipopolysaccharide, influences chemotaxis and activates receptors such as FPR2.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eantimicrobial peptides and membrane interactions\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einnate immunity\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eimmunomodulation and chemotaxis\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebacterial antibiotic resistance\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrong mechanistic and preclinical literature.\u003c\/strong\u003e There is no basis for independent therapeutic use of the research material.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Vial","offer_id":56972272763220,"sku":"PEP-LL37-10MG-AMP","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972272795988,"sku":"PEP-LL37-10MG-PEN","price":97.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/95BC8B31-78F0-44C9-9649-DBBA8D6DDA25.png?v=1788125969"},{"product_id":"glow","title":"Research Compound GLOW","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound GLOW\u003c\/strong\u003e is a combined research preparation for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 70 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComposition\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGLOW combines three research materials: \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghk-cu\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e. The ratio of components is stated in the product specification. The total of 70 mg refers to the sum of all components, not the amount of any single molecule.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRationale for the combination\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach component covers a different area of cell biology. GHK-Cu is studied in fibroblast and extracellular matrix models, BPC-157 in models of angiogenesis and vascular signalling, and thymosin beta-4 in models of actin dynamics and cell migration. The combination allows these processes to be studied in the same experimental system.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eextracellular matrix and fibroblasts\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eangiogenesis and vascular models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecell migration\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estability and interactions of components in a mixture\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical considerations\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith a three-component mixture, the identity and amount of each molecule must be verified separately. In addition, the copper ion from GHK-Cu may affect the stability of other peptides in solution, another reason for careful interpretation of analytical data.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvidence relates to the individual components.\u003c\/strong\u003e Synergy of the finished combination has not been confirmed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelated\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKLOW additionally contains KPV: see \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/klow\"\u003eKLOW\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"70 mg \/ Vial","offer_id":56972272992596,"sku":"PEP-GLOW-70MG-AMP","price":114.75,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"70 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972273025364,"sku":"PEP-GLOW-70MG-PEN","price":127.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/31BA46DC-C1FC-43C1-AEBF-39AE6A336952.png?v=1788126769"},{"product_id":"klow","title":"Research Compound KLOW","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound KLOW\u003c\/strong\u003e is a combined research preparation for analytical and in vitro work, with a total declared content of 80 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eComposition\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKLOW combines four research materials: \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghk-cu\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/bpc-157\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/tb-500\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/kpv\"\u003eKPV\u003c\/a\u003e. The ratio of components is stated in the product specification. The total of 80 mg refers to the sum of all components.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHow it differs from GLOW\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKLOW contains the same three components as \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/glow\"\u003eGLOW\u003c\/a\u003e, plus KPV, a tripeptide fragment of alpha-MSH studied in models of inflammatory signalling and intestinal epithelium. In addition to extracellular matrix, angiogenesis and cell migration, the combination therefore also covers NF-κB signalling.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eextracellular matrix\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003evascular and actin biology\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003einflammatory signalling (NF-κB)\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003estability of multi-peptide mixtures\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical considerations\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith four components, analytical verification is more complex than for any single material: confirming one component does not confirm the others, and interactions in solution may affect stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvidence relates to the individual components.\u003c\/strong\u003e Synergy of the finished combination has not been confirmed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"80 mg \/ Bottle","offer_id":56972273058132,"sku":"PEP-KLOW-80MG-AMP","price":140.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"80 mg \/ Research dispenser","offer_id":56972273090900,"sku":"PEP-KLOW-80MG-PEN","price":153.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/7312A97C-F54A-4C00-9ACA-E773B24D1F64.png?v=1788126933"},{"product_id":"ahk-cu","title":"Research Compound AHK-Cu","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Compound AHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e is a laboratory material for analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhat is AHK-Cu?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAHK-Cu is a complex of the tripeptide alanyl-histidyl-lysine (Ala-His-Lys) with copper(II) ions. It differs from the related \u003ca href=\"\/en\/products\/ghk-cu\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/a\u003e only in its first amino acid: alanine instead of glycine. This small change is enough for the two compounds to have separate literatures, and they should not be treated as equivalent.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAHK-Cu originates from research on copper-peptide complexes that began with the discovery of GHK in human plasma. The most cited paper on AHK-Cu, published in 2007, tested it on isolated hair follicles ex vivo and on dermal papilla cell cultures.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMechanism and scientific context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn these models AHK-Cu is associated with increased proliferation of dermal papilla cells and reduced apoptosis, with changes in the Bcl-2\/Bax protein ratio. Dermal papillae are specialised cells at the base of the follicle that regulate its cycle, making them a common model in follicle biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain research areas\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003edermal papilla cells\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ehair follicle biology in models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecopper signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eapoptosis and Bcl-2\/Bax\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLevel of evidence\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominantly in vitro and ex vivo.\u003c\/strong\u003e The literature is narrower than for GHK-Cu, and human data are limited.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use only:\u003c\/strong\u003e for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research only; not for use in humans or animals. Guidance on batch documentation is available in our \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA guide\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"100 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57202150900052,"sku":"PEP-AHKCU-100MG-AMP","price":93.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57202150932820,"sku":"PEP-AHKCU-100MG-PEN","price":106.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/IMG-1434.png?v=1789745472"},{"product_id":"istrazivacki-spoj-ara-290-cibinetide","title":"Istraživački spoj ARA 290 (Cibinetide)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživački spoj ARA 290 (Cibinetide)\u003c\/strong\u003e laboratorijski je materijal specifikacije 10 mg za analitički i in vitro rad, dostupan kao liofilizirana bočica ili istraživački dozator.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eŠto je ARA 290 (Cibinetide)?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eARA 290, poznat i kao Cibinetide, kratki je sintetski peptid izveden iz helix-B regije eritropoetina.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMehanizam i istraživački kontekst\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIstražuje se kroz takozvani innate repair receptor, povezan s EPOR i β-common receptorom (CD131). Objavljeni radovi razmatraju upalnu signalizaciju te neuralne, vaskularne i druge tkivne modele.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGlavna područja istraživanja\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEPOR\/CD131 receptorska signalizacija\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eupala i odgovor tkiva u eksperimentalnim modelima\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eneuralni i vaskularni modeli\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRazina dokaza\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eUz pretkliničke radove postoje i ograničeni klinički podaci za ispitivane pripravke i populacije. To ne uspostavlja široku kliničku učinkovitost, dugoročnu sigurnost niti svojstva ove serije.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePovezani sadržaji\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePročitajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/blogs\/novosti\/ara-290-cibinetide-innate-repair-receptor\"\u003epovezani pregled istraživanja\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/tkivni-i-vaskularni-modeli\"\u003etkivni i vaskularni modeli\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/imunoloska-signalizacija\"\u003eimunološka signalizacija\u003c\/a\u003e. Za tumačenje dokumentacije serije pogledajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA vodič\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživačka namjena:\u003c\/strong\u003e isključivo za laboratorijsko, analitičko i in vitro istraživanje; nije namijenjeno primjeni na ljudima ili životinjama.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57370241007956,"sku":"PEP-ARA290-10MG-AMP","price":38.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57370241040724,"sku":"PEP-ARA290-10MG-PEN","price":51.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-ara-290-10mg-vial.png?v=1790868805"},{"product_id":"istrazivacki-spoj-dihexa","title":"Istraživački spoj Dihexa","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživački spoj Dihexa\u003c\/strong\u003e laboratorijski je materijal specifikacije 10 mg za analitički i in vitro rad, dostupan kao liofilizirana bočica ili istraživački dozator.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eŠto je Dihexa?\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDihexa je peptidomimetički derivat povezan sa sekvencom angiotenzina IV.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMehanizam i istraživački kontekst\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eU pretkliničkim istraživanjima proučava se u kontekstu HGF\/c-Met signalizacije te neuralnih i regenerativnih modela. Pojedina istraživanja na životinjama ispitivala su Dihexu u kombinaciji s drugim intervencijama, pa se rezultati ne mogu pripisati samoj molekuli bez ograda.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGlavna područja istraživanja\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHGF\/c-Met signalni put\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eneuralni i pretklinički regenerativni modeli\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eprocjena interakcija u eksperimentalnim sustavima\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRazina dokaza\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDostupni podaci su pretklinički i ograničeni. Ne predstavljaju dokaz kliničke učinkovitosti ni sigurnosti u ljudi.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePovezani sadržaji\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePročitajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/blogs\/novosti\/adamax-vs-dihexa-razina-dokaza\"\u003epovezani pregled istraživanja\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/neuropeptidi\"\u003eneuropeptidi\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/en\/collections\/tkivni-i-vaskularni-modeli\"\u003etkivni i vaskularni modeli\u003c\/a\u003e. Za tumačenje dokumentacije serije pogledajte \u003ca href=\"\/en\/pages\/coa-vodic\"\u003eCOA vodič\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIstraživačka namjena:\u003c\/strong\u003e isključivo za laboratorijsko, analitičko i in vitro istraživanje; nije namijenjeno primjeni na ljudima ili životinjama.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"10 mg \/ Liofilizirana bočica","offer_id":57370249068884,"sku":"PEP-DIHEXA-10MG-AMP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg \/ Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57370249101652,"sku":"PEP-DIHEXA-10MG-PEN","price":68.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/peptiva-dihexa-10mg-vial.png?v=1790868910"},{"product_id":"gh-complex-36iu","title":"GH Complex 36 IU (For Lab Use Only)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGH Complex 36 IU\u003c\/strong\u003e is a recombinant protein research material intended for laboratory, analytical and in vitro work.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe material is suitable for studying protein stability, receptor binding, downstream cellular signalling and the relationship between structure and biological activity in controlled laboratory models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003ereceptor and intracellular signalling\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprotein stability and correct folding\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eaggregation, deamidation and degradation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecomparative analysis of protein specimens\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor larger protein materials, chromatographic purity alone is not sufficient for complete characterisation. Additional structural and functional methods may be required depending on the research objective.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 36 IU\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391835709780,"sku":"PEP-GHC36-36IU-VIAL","price":76.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391835742548,"sku":"PEP-GHC36-36IU-DISP","price":89.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/gh-complex-36iu.png?v=1790965487"},{"product_id":"mito-peptide-ss31","title":"Mito-Peptide SS31 10 mg (Research Grade)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMito-Peptide SS31 10 mg\u003c\/strong\u003e is a short peptide research material intended for studies of mitochondrial membranes and cellular energetics in in vitro models.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distinctive arrangement of aromatic and positively charged amino acids makes this specimen useful for analysing interactions with the inner mitochondrial membrane and membrane phospholipids.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAreas of analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003emitochondrial membrane structure and function\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003erespiratory chain organisation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative phosphorylation\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eoxidative stress in experimental models\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical note\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurements of mitochondrial function are sensitive to cell type, medium composition, exposure time and selected endpoints. Results should be interpreted within a clearly defined model.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eQuantity: 10 mg\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFormats: vial and research dispenser\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch use:\u003c\/strong\u003e exclusively for laboratory, analytical and in vitro research. Not for use in humans or animals and not a medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Peptiva","offers":[{"title":"Bočica","offer_id":57391849374036,"sku":"PEP-MPSS31-10MG-VIAL","price":42.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Istraživački dozator","offer_id":57391849406804,"sku":"PEP-MPSS31-10MG-DISP","price":55.25,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1046\/2219\/5028\/files\/mito-peptide-ss31-10mg.png?v=1790965501"}],"url":"https:\/\/peptiva.com.hr\/en\/collections\/tkivni-i-vaskularni-modeli.oembed","provider":"Peptiva peptides","version":"1.0","type":"link"}